"Materials"

Concrete

Process of making each material: Aggregate (rocks etc.), cement and water mixture.
How long they will last: Significant periods, however, effects such as acid rain or earthquakes can destroy a building in short order. What makes them corrode: Freezing water in cracks, acid rain, flowing water. Structural pros and cons: high compressive strength, but much lower tensile strength. Usually reinforced with steel. What these materials are typically used for: architectural structures, foundations, brick/block walls, pavements, bridges/overpasses, motorways/roads.
Environmental impacts: Major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.

Glass

Process of making each material: Soda-lime-silica glass, window glass: silica 72% + sodium oxide (Na₂O) 14.2% + magnesia (MgO) 2.5% + lime (CaO) 10.0% + alumina (Al₂O₃) 0.6%
How long they will last: Significant periods, centuries.What makes them corrode: Aqueous solutions, at a very low rate. Structural pros and cons: Hard, resistant to scratching. Very brittle. 
What these materials are typically used for: Windows, ornaments. 

Wood

Process of making each material: Grows on trees!
How long they will last: Depending on the environment, can be as low as weeks and as high as centuries.What makes them corrode: Water, bacteria, mould, insects. Structural pros and cons: Hard, resistant to scratching. Very brittle. 
What these materials are typically used for: A huge variety of structural and ornamental elements. Furniture is often wooden as well.